{"id":17123,"date":"2025-08-21T12:21:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T12:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/?p=17123"},"modified":"2025-10-22T13:35:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T13:35:06","slug":"studia-veda-potvrdzuje-preco-nezdrava-strava-boli-pecen-a-aku-rolu-v-tom-hraju-creva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/studia-veda-potvrdzuje-preco-nezdrava-strava-boli-pecen-a-aku-rolu-v-tom-hraju-creva\/","title":{"rendered":"Studie: V\u011bda potvrzuje: Pro\u010d nezdrav\u00e1 strava \u201ebol\u00ed\u201c j\u00e1tra a jakou roli v tom hraj\u00ed st\u0159eva"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se jedn\u00e1 se o zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z nov\u00e9 studie publikovan\u00e9 na Cambridge university<\/strong>. <strong>Origin\u00e1l \u010dl\u00e1nku publikov\u00e1n online Cambridge University Press dne 8. dubna 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud jste si mysleli, \u017ee nezdrav\u00e1 strava bohat\u00e1 na <strong>tuky a cukr<\/strong> ovliv\u0148uje jen va\u0161i hmotnost, m\u00fdlili jste se. Nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum op\u011bt uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee <strong>j\u00e1tra a st\u0159eva<\/strong> jsou propojeny mnohem v\u00edce, ne\u017e jsme si mysleli. Nezdrav\u00fd j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek m\u011bn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve va\u0161em tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktu, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u00edvat k probl\u00e9m\u016fm s j\u00e1try.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tuk, frukt\u00f3za a va\u0161e j\u00e1tra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tato studie zkoumala vliv <strong>hyperkalorick\u00e9 diety<\/strong> (bohat\u00e9 na nasycen\u00e9 tuky a frukt\u00f3zu) na t\u011blo. Takov\u00fd typ stravy je typick\u00fd pro tzv. modern\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1padn\u00ed\u201c \u017eivotn\u00ed styl. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed potvrdila, \u017ee tento j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek vedl nejen k p\u0159ib\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 k:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hromad\u011bn\u00ed tuku v j\u00e1trech<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 \u00farovni l\u00e1tek v krvi, kter\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za p\u016fvodce <strong>z\u00e1n\u011btu<\/strong> a oslaben\u00e9 funkce jater.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, <strong>p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed j\u00e1try<\/strong> se projevilo na cel\u00e9m metabolismu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mikrobiom jako zprost\u0159edkovatel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm je, \u017ee <strong>nezdrav\u00e1 strava ovlivnila slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00edho mikrobiomu<\/strong> a jeho metabolickou aktivitu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pokles rozmanitosti:<\/strong> U jedinc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed konzumovali nezdrav\u00e1 j\u00eddla dlouhodob\u011b byla zji\u0161t\u011bna <strong>ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed r\u016fznorodost<\/strong> st\u0159evn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed. Zdrav\u00fd mikrobiom je p\u0159itom rozmanit\u00fd mikrobiom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zm\u011bna \u201etukov\u00fdch\u201c kyselin:<\/strong> Zm\u011bnily se hladiny tzn. <strong>mastn\u00fdch kyselin s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem (SCFA)<\/strong>. Tyto l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed bakterie, jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro energii a zdrav\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed st\u011bny. Nezdrav\u00e1 strava vedla k n\u00e1r\u016fstu n\u011bkter\u00fdch <strong>vedlej\u0161\u00edch SCFA produkt\u016f<\/strong>, co v\u011bdci pova\u017euj\u00ed za mo\u017en\u00fd <strong>zprost\u0159edkovatel<\/strong> propojen\u00ed mezi st\u0159evy a j\u00e1try.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed poselstv\u00ed?<\/strong> To, co j\u00edme, ovliv\u0148uje, kter\u00e9 bakterie ve st\u0159ev\u011b p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed, a ty n\u00e1sledn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed metabolismus a zdrav\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, jako jsou j\u00e1tra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co to znamen\u00e1 pro v\u00e1\u0161 j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dek?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Zjistilo se, \u017ee konzumace nezdrav\u00e9 stravy nepo\u0161kozuje j\u00e1tra jen p\u0159\u00edmo, ale tak\u00e9 <strong>nep\u0159\u00edmo<\/strong>, a to p\u0159es naru\u0161en\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy ve st\u0159evech. Chcete-li podpo\u0159it zdrav\u00ed sv\u00fdch jater a tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, zam\u011b\u0159te se na:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pestrost:<\/strong> Up\u0159ednost\u0148ujte <strong>celozrnn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, ovoce a zeleninu<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 jsou bohat\u00e9 na vl\u00e1kninu. Tyto jsou \u201epotravou\u201c pro prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 bakterie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Omezen\u00ed frukt\u00f3zy a nasycen\u00fdch tuk\u016f:<\/strong> Pozor na slazen\u00e9 n\u00e1poje a zpracovan\u00e9 potraviny, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed <strong>p\u0159idan\u00fdch cukr\u016f<\/strong> a nezdrav\u00fdch tuk\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Probiotika:<\/strong> Konzumace fermentovan\u00fdch potravin (jogurty, kysan\u00e9 zel\u00ed, kef\u00edr) je skv\u011bl\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak doplnit prosp\u011b\u0161nou mikrofl\u00f3ru.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Zdrav\u00e1 st\u0159eva jsou z\u00e1kladem \u2013 kdy\u017e jsou v rovnov\u00e1ze, zbytek t\u011bla funguje l\u00e9pe.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u010ceskou verzi \u010dl\u00e1nku naleznete n\u00ed\u017ee. N\u00e1zev \u010dl\u00e1nku v SK je:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Role mikrobiomy a mastn\u00fdch kyselin s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem na nealkoholovou steatohepatitidu vyvolanou stravou s vysok\u00fdm obsahem kalori\u00ed, nasycen\u00fdch tuk\u016f a frukt\u00f3zy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">I\u00f1aki Milton-Laskibar1,2 , Laura Judith Marcos-Zambrano3 , Saioa G\u00f3mez-Zorita2,4,(5) ,Enrique<br>Carrillo de Santa Pau(3) ,Alfredo Fern\u00e1ndez-Quintela(2) (,) (4) (,) (5)<br>Mar\u00eda Puy Portillo(2) (,) (4) (,) (5)<br>1 Program p\u0159esn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u017eivy a kardiometabolick\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed, IMDEA Food Institute (Madridsk\u00fd institut pro pokro\u010dil\u00e1 studia), Campus of<br>International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed rada pro v\u00fdzkum, Madrid, \u0160pan\u011blsko<br>2 CIBEROBN Fyziopatologie obezity a v\u00fd\u017eivy, Institut zdrav\u00ed Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, \u0160pan\u011blsko ( 3) Skupina v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed<br>biologie, Program p\u0159esn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u017eivy a v\u00fdzkumu rakoviny, Institut potravin IMDEA, Madrid, \u0160pan\u011blsko ( 4) Skupina v\u00fd\u017eivy a obezity,<br>Katedra farmacie a potravin\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, Farmaceutick\u00e1 fakulta, V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 centrum Lucio Lascaray , Baskick\u00e1 univerzita (UPV\/EHU),<br>Vitoria-Gasteiz, \u0160pan\u011blsko 5 Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, \u0160pan\u011blsko Koresponden\u010dn\u00ed autor. E-mail: mariapuy.portillo@ehu.eus<br>IM-L. a LJM-Z. stejnou m\u011brou p\u0159isp\u011bly k t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci.<br>(P\u0159ijato 16. \u010dervna 2021; revidov\u00e1no 8. b\u0159ezna 2022; p\u0159ijato 5. dubna 2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>ABSTRAKT<br>Konzumace vysokoenergetick\u00fdch potravin bohat\u00fdch na frukt\u00f3zu a lipidy je faktorem, kter\u00fd p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k<br>sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu v\u00fdskytu nealkoholick\u00e9ho steat\u00f3zn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed jater. Zm\u011bny ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed<br>mikrofl\u00f3ry a produkci mastn\u00fdch kyselin s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem (SCFA) zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 nezdravou stravou se<br>pova\u017euj\u00ed za pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mechanismy. C\u00edlem t\u00e9to studie bylo ur\u010dit vztahy mezi zm\u011bnami ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry a hladinami SCFA porovn\u00e1n\u00edm potkan\u016f s dietou vyvolanou steatohepatitidou s kontroln\u00edmi potkany krmen\u00fdmi standardn\u00ed stravou. Krmivo s vysok\u00fdm obsahem tuk\u016f a frukt\u00f3zy (HFHF) vyvolalo zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hmotnosti t\u011bla, jater a mezenterick\u00e9 tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obsahu triglycerid\u016f v j\u00e1trech a hladiny transamin\u00e1z, gluk\u00f3zy, non-HDL-c a MCP-1 v s\u00e9ru. Po pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hyperkalorick\u00e9 stravy byla tak\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladina malondialdehydu v j\u00e1trech a aktivita glutathionperoxid\u00e1zy. Pokud jde o slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty, u potkan\u016f s dietou vyvolanou steatohepatitidou byla zji\u0161t\u011bna sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 diverzita a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdskyt bakteri\u00ed z rod\u016f Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Blautia, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Flavonifractor a UBA1819, jako\u017e i v\u00fd\u0161e izovalerov\u00e9. Tyto v\u00fdsledky nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee zm\u011bny v j\u00e1trech vyvolan\u00e9 hyperkalorickou stravou HFHF mohou souviset se zm\u011bnami v celkov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty a abundanci specifick\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed. Zm\u011bnu hladin SCFA vyvolanou touto nevyv\u00e1\u017eenou stravou nelze vylou\u010dit jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed medi\u00e1tor hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch zm\u011bn v j\u00e1trech a metabolismu.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova: Nealkoholov\u00e1 steatohepatitida; potkan; mikrobiota; strava s vysok\u00fdm obsahem tuk\u016f a frukt\u00f3zy; mastn\u00e9 kyseliny s<br>kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><br>Obezita je chronick\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed charakterizovan\u00e9 nadm\u011brn\u00fdm nahromad\u011bn\u00edm t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku,<br>kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee negativn\u011b ovlivnit zdravotn\u00ed stav a d\u00e9lku \u017eivota (WHO, 2020). Prevalence obezity se v<br>posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch celosv\u011btov\u011b exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila a stala se jednou z nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chronick\u00fdch nep\u0159enosn\u00fdch chorob, kter\u00e1 by do roku 2025 m\u011bla postihnout v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 miliardu lid\u00ed (World obesity, 2021). Obezita vede k rozvoji dal\u0161\u00edch patologick\u00fdch stav\u016f a morbidn\u00edch projev\u016f, jako je cukrovka, kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, hypertenze, ur\u010dit\u00e9 typy rakoviny a nealkoholov\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed jater (NAFLD; Bl\u00fcher, 2019; Silveira et al., 2021). Obezita je v sou\u010dasnosti pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jednu z hlavn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00fdch \u00famrt\u00ed ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch zem\u00ed (Bl\u00fcher, 2019).<br>Sedav\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed styl a\/nebo nadm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem energie jsou obvykle hlavn\u00edmi faktory, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k<br>rozvoji t\u00e9to multifaktori\u00e1ln\u00ed choroby. Krom\u011b toho se na n\u00ed pod\u00edlej\u00ed i endogenn\u00ed faktory, jako je<br>genetick\u00e1 predispozice (hlavn\u011b polymorfismy jednoho nukleotidu) a zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry<br>(Hwalla a Jaafar, 2021). V t\u00e9to situaci potravinov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl upravil slo\u017een\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly potravin a<br>potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nahradil kalorie poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z tuk\u016f ( \u017eiviny s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm energetick\u00fdm<br>v\u00fdta\u017ekem) kaloriemi poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi z r\u016fzn\u00fdch cukr\u016f, aby sn\u00ed\u017eil jejich energetickou hustotu a t\u00edm i p\u0159\u00edjem<br>energie spot\u0159ebiteli. Bohu\u017eel tato strategie nejen\u017ee nebyla \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 p\u0159i zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed uveden\u00e9ho n\u00e1r\u016fstu<br>prevalence obezity, ale p\u0159isp\u011bla ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu p\u0159idan\u00e9ho frukt\u00f3zy ve strav\u011b, co\u017e souvis\u00ed s rozvojem NAFLD (Softic et al., 2016). Kdy\u017e se frukt\u00f3za vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1 ve st\u0159ev\u011b, v\u011bt\u0161ina tohoto monosacharidu v port\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017e\u00edle vstupuje do jater, kde se n\u00e1sledn\u011b metabolicky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ( Hannou et al., 2018). Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee v j\u00e1trech frukt\u00f3za naru\u0161uje metabolismus lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech t\u00edm, \u017ee zvy\u0161uje de novo lipogenezi a sni\u017euje oxidaci mastn\u00fdch kyselin v j\u00e1trech, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k akumulaci lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech ( Hannou et al., 2018). Krom\u011b toho je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee frukt\u00f3za m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 vyvolat dal\u0161\u00ed dysfunkci jater (z\u00e1n\u011bt, oxida\u010dn\u00ed stres a mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed dysfunkci), \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke vzniku a progresi NAFLD z relativn\u011b benign\u00edch stav\u016f (jatern\u00ed steat\u00f3za) a \u0161kodliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm stav\u016fm ( karcinom; Jegatheesan a De Bandt, 2017). Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem frukt\u00f3zy je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m t\u00edm, \u017ee vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 inzul\u00ednovou rezistenci jater v d\u016fsledku zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy mastn\u00fdch kyselin a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 oxidace (co\u017e vede k mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed dysfunkci), zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 produkci reaktivn\u00edch forem kysl\u00edku (ROS) a\/nebo indukc\u00ed al. 2019; Wang et al. 2015).<br>Nav\u00edc vztah mezi frukt\u00f3zou a NAFLD se neomezuje pouze na \u00fa\u010dinky vyvolan\u00e9<br>cukr v j\u00e1trech (Jegatheesan et al., 2016). Ve skute\u010dnosti byly ve studi\u00edch proveden\u00fdch na hlodavc\u00edch krmen\u00fdch stravou bohatou na frukt\u00f3zu zaznamen\u00e1ny zm\u011bny ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry a jej\u00ed propustnosti (Jegatheesan et al., 2016). V t\u00e9to souvislosti teorie \u201ev\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu\u201c, kter\u00e1 se v sou\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k popisu v\u00fdvoje NAFLD, pova\u017euje zm\u011bny st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty za jeden z potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch mechanism\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1kladem tohoto chorobn\u00e9ho stavu jater (Buzzetti et al., 2016). Krom\u011b toho zm\u011bny vyvolan\u00e9 frukt\u00f3zou ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty mohou tak\u00e9 naru\u0161it profil metabolit\u016f produkovan\u00fdch st\u0159evn\u00edmi bakteriemi (Buzzetti et al., 2016). Mezi nimi se velk\u00e1 pozornost v\u011bnuje mastn\u00fdm kyselin\u00e1m s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem (SCFA) kv\u016fli jejich vlivu na energetick\u00fd metabolismus nebo imunitn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f, jako\u017e i jejich schopnosti p\u016fsobit jako sign\u00e1ln\u00ed molekuly (Chakraborti, 2015). Tyto lipidov\u00e9 druhy jsou produktem fermentace nestraviteln\u00fdch sacharid\u016f st\u0159evn\u00edmi bakteriemi (Aragon\u00e8s et al., 2019) a kdy\u017e dojde k disbi\u00f3ze st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty, jejich koncentrace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt naru\u0161ena, co\u017e ovlivn\u00ed metabolismus lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech (Alves-Bezerra1 a Cohen). V tomto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i bylo c\u00edlem t\u00e9to studie ur\u010dit vztah mezi zm\u011bnami ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty a hladin SCFA vyvolan\u00fdch stravou s vysok\u00fdm obsahem tuk\u016f a frukt\u00f3zy (HFHF) u potkan\u016f. Rovn\u011b\u017e byla analyzov\u00e1na role SCFA ve v\u00fdvoji steatohepatitidy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Materi\u00e1l a metody<\/strong><br><em>Zv\u00ed\u0159ata, strava a experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed design<\/em><br>Tato studie byla provedena na 20 \u0161estit\u00fddenn\u00edch samc\u00edch potkan\u016f Wistar (Envigo, Barcelona, \u0160pan\u011blsko) a v\u0161echny experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed postupy byly provedeny v souladu s Etickou komis\u00ed Baskick\u00e9 univerzity (referen\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo dokumentu CUEID CEBA\/30\/2010) v souladu s evropsk\u00fdmi p\u0159edpisy (Evropsk\u00e1 sm\u011brnice 9 2003\/65\/ES a doporu\u010den\u00ed 2007\/526\/ES). Krysy byly um\u00edst\u011bny v polykarbon\u00e1tov\u00fdch metabolick\u00fdch klec\u00edch (Tecniplast Gazzada, Buguggiate, It\u00e1lie) v klimatizovan\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti (22 \u00b0C) s 12hodinov\u00fdm cyklem sv\u011btla a tmy. Po 6denn\u00edm adapta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata n\u00e1hodn\u011b rozd\u011blena do dvou skupin po deseti zv\u00ed\u0159atech: kontroln\u00ed skupina, ve kter\u00e9 byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata krmena standardn\u00ed stravou (AIN-93G, OpenSource Diets, D\u00e1nsko, D10012G) a skupina HFHF, ve kter\u00e9 byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata krmena stravou HFHF (OpenSource Diet0; S1). Tyto experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky byly udr\u017eov\u00e1ny po dobu 8 t\u00fddn\u016f a zv\u00ed\u0159ata m\u011bla po cel\u00e9 toto obdob\u00ed voln\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k potravin\u00e1m a vod\u011b. Po ukon\u010den\u00ed cel\u00e9ho experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho obdob\u00ed byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata po celono\u010dn\u00edm p\u016fstu usmrcena v anestezii (chloralhydr\u00e1t) vykrven\u00edm srdce.<br>T\u011blesn\u00e1 hmotnost a p\u0159\u00edjem potravy se monitorovaly denn\u011b. Vzorky stolice se sb\u00edraly a zpracov\u00e1valy podle<br>postupu popsan\u00e9ho jinde (Milton-Laskibar et al., 2021). S\u00e9rum bylo z\u00edsk\u00e1no centrifugac\u00ed krevn\u00edho vzorku po<br>sr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed (1 000 g po dobu 10 minut p\u0159i 4 \u00b0C). J\u00e1tra, jako\u017e i r\u016fzn\u00e9 depozity b\u00edl\u00e9 tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b (podko\u017en\u00ed, epididym\u00e1ln\u00ed, periren\u00e1ln\u00ed a mezenterick\u00e9) byly pitv\u00e1ny, odv\u00e1\u017eeny a okam\u017eit\u011b zmra\u017eeny v tekut\u00e9m dus\u00edku. \u010cerstv\u00e9 vzorky stolice byly odebr\u00e1ny na konci interven\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, p\u0159ed celono\u010dn\u00edm p\u016fstem. Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata odeb\u00edr\u00e1na po jednom a um\u00edst\u011bna do \u010dist\u00e9, samostatn\u00e9 klece, aby se mohla odebrat vzorky stolice p\u0159\u00edmo po defekaci vyvolan\u00e9 jemnou mas\u00e1\u017e\u00ed b\u0159icha. V\u0161echny vzorky byly a\u017e do anal\u00fdzy uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny p\u0159i teplot\u011b \u201380 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Stanoven\u00ed obsahu triacylglycerolu v j\u00e1trech a marker\u016f v krvi<\/strong><\/em><br>Celkov\u00e9 lipidy v j\u00e1trech byly extrahov\u00e1ny podle metody popsan\u00e9 Folchem et al. (1957), rozpu\u0161t\u011bno v<br>isopropanole a n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u011b\u0159eno pomoc\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed spektrofotometrick\u00e9 soupravy (SpinReact, Girona,<br>\u0160pan\u011blsko). Komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 spektrofotometrick\u00e9 soupravy byly pou\u017eity tak\u00e9 ke stanoven\u00ed hladiny gluk\u00f3zy v s\u00e9ru (Biosystems, Barcelona, \u0160pan\u011blsko), alaninaminotransfer\u00e1zy (ALT) a aspart\u00e1taminotransfer\u00e1zy (AST).<br>K m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hladiny monocytov\u00e9ho chemoatraktantn\u00edho proteinu-1 (MCP-1; Abyntek, Derio, \u0160pan\u011blsko) v s\u00e9ru byla pou\u017eita souprava pro enzymov\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fd imunosorbentov\u00fd test.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Markery oxidativn\u00edho stresu v j\u00e1trech<\/em><\/strong><br>Pro anal\u00fdzu peroxidace lipid\u016f v lyz\u00e1tech jater potkan\u016f byla pou\u017eita komer\u010dn\u00ed sada pro stanoven\u00ed<br>l\u00e1tek reaguj\u00edc\u00edch s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou (TBARS) (Cayman Chemical Ann Arbor, MI, USA).<br>Malondialdehyd (MDA) a adukt TBARS vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed jejich reakc\u00ed v kysel\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed byl m\u011b\u0159en pomoc\u00ed<br>\u010dte\u010dky desek Infinite 200Pro (Tecan, M\u00e4nnedorf, Curych, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko). Z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky byly vyj\u00e1d\u0159eny v \u03bcg<br>MDA\/mg tk\u00e1n\u011b.<br>Aktivita katal\u00e1zy (CAT) byla studov\u00e1na podle popisu v jin\u00e9 publikaci (G\u00f3mez-Zorita et al., 2020) podle<br>metody popsan\u00e9 Aebim (1984), m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm spektrofotometrick\u00e9ho zmizen\u00ed H2 O2 p\u0159i vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 240 nm. Aktivita katal\u00e1zy byla vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena jako nmol\/min\/\u03bcg b\u00edlkoviny. Aktivita glutathionperoxid\u00e1zy (GPx) byla<br>m\u011b\u0159eno spektrofotometricky v jatern\u00edch l\u00fdzatech pomoc\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed soupravy (Biovision, Milpitas, CA,<br>USA) a podle pokyn\u016f v\u00fdrobce ve \u010dte\u010dce desek Infinite 200Pro. V\u00fdsledky byly vyj\u00e1d\u0159eny jako GPx U\/mg<br>b\u00edlkovin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br><strong><em>Anal\u00fdza SCFA<\/em><\/strong><br>Vzorky stolice (asi 30 mg stolice) byly p\u0159\u00edmo zv\u00e1\u017eeny do 1,5 ml LoBind Eppendorfovy zkumavky a sm\u00edch\u00e1ny s 10 \u03bcl sm\u011bsi vnit\u0159n\u00edho standardu (BA-LAB, PA-LAB a AA-LAB) a 990 \u03bcl sm\u011bsi methanolu a vody (50:50). Vzorky se 5 minut prom\u00edch\u00e1valy vortexem a centrifugovaly (5 minut, 15 000 ot\/min p\u0159i 4 \u00b0C). Objem 80 \u03bcl<br>supernatantu se sm\u00edchal s 10 \u03bcl BHA 0,1 M a 10 \u03bcl EDC 0,25 M. Potom se vzorky prom\u00edchaly vortexem a<br>inkubovali p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b 1 hodinu ve tm\u011b. Po inkubaci byl fek\u00e1ln\u00ed extrakt z\u0159ed\u011bn 20n\u00e1sobn\u011b v 50<br>procentn\u00edm vodn\u00e9m roztoku MeOH. 200 \u03bcl z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho vzorku bylo extrahov\u00e1no 600 \u03bcl diethyletherem a 10 minutami intenzivn\u00edho prot\u0159ep\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Potom byly vzorky odst\u0159ed\u011bny (5 minut, 15 000 ot\/min p\u0159i 4 \u00b0C) a 40 \u03bcl horn\u00ed organick\u00e9 vrstvy bylo p\u0159eneseno a odpa\u0159eno do sucha pomoc\u00ed su\u0161i\u010dky StarlettePlus-E (SPE). Zbytek byl rekonstituov\u00e1n ve 200 \u03bcl 50% vodn\u00e9ho roztoku MeOH, kr\u00e1tce se prom\u00edchal a centrifugoval (5 minut, 15 000 ot\/min p\u0159i 4 \u00b0C) p\u0159ed 1-\u03bcl injekc\u00ed do LC-MS\/MS (Zeng a Cao, 2018).<br>Chromatografick\u00e1 separace byla provedena s gradientem, kter\u00fd byl 0,1 % kyselina mraven\u010d\u00ed ve vod\u011b s 10 mM<br>mraven\u010dan amonn\u00fd pro mobiln\u00ed f\u00e1zi A a 0,1 % kyselina mraven\u010d\u00ed v methanolu:isopropanolu (9:1 v\/v) pro<br>mobiln\u00ed f\u00e1zi B. Teplota kolony byla nastavena na 45 \u00b0C a objem injekce byl 1 \u03bcl. Parametry zdroje byly<br>optimalizov\u00e1no p\u0159i provozu s pozitivn\u00ed elektrosprejovou ionizac\u00ed, aby bylo dosa\u017eeno maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed odezvy. Validace analytick\u00e9 metodiky byla provedena anal\u00fdzou souboru vzork\u016f stolice standardn\u00edm p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm s pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch intern\u00edch standard\u016f. Stanoven\u00fdmi parametry kvality byly linearita, limit detekce (MLD), limit kvantifikace (MQL) a intradenn\u00ed i interdenn\u00ed p\u0159esnost (opakovatelnost a st\u0159edn\u00ed p\u0159esnost).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Extrakce fek\u00e1ln\u00ed DNA a amplifikace genu 16S rRNA pro anal\u00fdzu slo\u017een\u00ed mikrobioty<\/em><\/strong><br>Extrakce DNA byla provedena na \u010derstv\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch stolice odebran\u00fdch na konci interven\u010dn\u00edho<br>obdob\u00ed pomoc\u00ed QIAamp DNA stool MiniKit podle pokyn\u016f v\u00fdrobce (QIAGEN, Hilden, N\u011bmecko).<br>Variabiln\u00ed oblasti V3 a V4 bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edho genu 16S ribozom\u00e1ln\u00ed RNA (16S rRNA) byly<br>amplifikov\u00e1no z fek\u00e1ln\u00ed DNA a sekvenov\u00e1no pomoc\u00ed platformy Illumina MiSeq (2 \u00d7 300). Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, p\u0159\u00edprava amplikon\u016f byla provedena pomoc\u00ed protokolu 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation Protocol (Illumina, CA, USA, San Diego), kter\u00fd zahrnuje p\u0159e\u010dn\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed adapt\u00e9rn\u00ed sekvence pro kompatibilitu s indexem Illumina a sekven\u010dn\u00edmi adapt\u00e9ry. Velikost amplikon\u016f byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159ena<br>elektrofor\u00e9zou (LabChip GX; PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Knihovny DNA pro sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed amplikon\u016f 16S rRNA byly p\u0159ipraveny pomoc\u00ed Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Nextera XT; Illumina) podle pokyn\u016f v\u00fdrobce.<br>\u00dadaje o sekvenci genu 16S rRNA byly zpracov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed programu Quantitative Insights Into<br>Microbial Ecology (QIIME 2; Bolyen et al., 2019). N\u00edzko kvalitn\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed byla filtrov\u00e1na a chim\u00e9rick\u00e1<br>sekvence byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b odstran\u011bny. \u010cist\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed byly seskupeny jako varianty sekvence amplikonu (ASV)<br>pomoc\u00ed DADA2 (Callahan et al., 2016) a anotov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed datab\u00e1ze genu 16S rRNA SILVA v.132 (Quast et al., 2013). Relativn\u00ed abundance ka\u017ed\u00e9ho ASV a alfa diverzita (indexy Shannon, Chao a Simpson) byly vypo\u010dteny pomoc\u00ed bal\u00edku phyloseq R (McMurdie a Holmes, 2013). Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det beta-diverzity byly pou\u017eity v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 UniFrac vzd\u00e1lenosti, kter\u00e9 byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b vizualizov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed anal\u00fdzy hlavn\u00edch koordin\u00e1t (PCoA). Statistick\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnost byla stanovena pomoc\u00ed permuta\u010dn\u00ed multivaria\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy rozptylu (PERMANOVA) s 999 n\u00e1hodn\u00fdmi permutacemi pomoc\u00ed funkce adonis z bal\u00edku vegan R (verze 2.5.7; Dixon, 2003). Provedli jsme line\u00e1rn\u00ed diskrimina\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu efektu (LEfSe) s c\u00edlem identifikovat bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed taxony, kter\u00e9 jsou diferencovan\u011b obohacen\u00e9 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edch komunit\u00e1ch, a stanovit mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed biomarkery (Segata et al., 2011).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Statistick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza<\/em><\/strong><br>Popisn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky jsou prezentov\u00e1ny jako pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 SEM. Statistick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy byly provedeny pomoc\u00ed SPSS 24.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 anal\u00fdze byly v\u0161echny prom\u011bnn\u00e9, s v\u00fdjimkou prom\u011bnn\u00fdch mikrobiomu, norm\u00e1ln\u011b distribuov\u00e1ny podle Shapiro-Wilksova testu. Data byla testov\u00e1na nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm Studentov\u00fdm testem, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e hodnoty p &lt; 0,05 byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rozd\u00edl\u016f v abundanci taxon\u016f byla statistick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza provedena pomoc\u00ed Kruskalova-Wallisova testu. V\u00fdznamnost byla tak\u00e9 stanovena na \u00farovni p &lt; 0,05. Korelace mezi diferencovan\u011b obohacen\u00fdmi bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edmi taxony a studovan\u00fdmi SCFA, fenotypov\u00fdmi a z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00fdmi parametry byly odhadnuty Spearmanovou metodou, s pou\u017eit\u00edm mikrobiomu, bal\u00ed\u010dek v R (dostupn\u00fd na https:\/\/microbiome.github.io\/tutorials\/; p\u0159\u00edstup 28. kv\u011btna 2021). hodnocena jako koeficient \u2265 0,2 a FDR \u2264 0,05. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>V\u00fdsledky<\/em><\/strong><br>T\u011blesn\u00e1 hmotnost, hmotnost jater, hmotnost tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b, obsah triacylglycerolu v j\u00e1trech a s\u00e9rov\u00e9 parametry<br>Jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr\u00e1zku 1A, t\u011blesn\u00e1 hmotnost zv\u00ed\u0159at krmen\u00fdch stravou HFHF byla od druh\u00e9ho t\u00fddne studie v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e t\u011blesn\u00e1 hmotnost zv\u00ed\u0159at v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b a z\u016fstala takov\u00e1 a\u017e do konce<br>experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho obdob\u00ed (8. t\u00fdden). U zv\u00ed\u0159at ve skupin\u011b HFHF byla v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se zv\u00ed\u0159aty v<br>kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b zaznamen\u00e1na i vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hmotnost jater (obr\u00e1zek 1B). Stejn\u00fd vzorec byl zaznamen\u00e1n iv p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obsahu triacylglycerolu v j\u00e1trech, kde hodnoty ve skupin\u011b HFHF byly v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b (tabulka 1). Pokud jde o hmotnost r\u016fzn\u00fdch tukov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob, v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly byly zaznamen\u00e1ny pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mezenterick\u00e9 tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byly hodnoty pozorovan\u00e9 ve skupin\u011b HFHF v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hodnoty zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b (obr\u00e1zek 1C). Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b mezi ob\u011bma skupinami nebyly zji\u0161t\u011bny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zm\u011bny, pokud jde o viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed tukovou tk\u00e1\u0148 ani celkovou hmotnost tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b, a\u010dkoli v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech byly zji\u0161t\u011bny statisticky nev\u00fdznamn\u00e9 trendy (p&lt;0,1) sm\u011brem ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 hmotnosti ve skupin\u011b HFHF.<br>Pokud jde o s\u00e9rov\u00e9 parametry, hladina gluk\u00f3zy v s\u00e9ru nala\u010dno pozorovan\u00e1 u zv\u00ed\u0159at ze skupiny HFHF byla<br>v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s hladinou zji\u0161t\u011bnou v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b (tabulka 1). Hladina cholesterolu v s\u00e9ru, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed lipoproteinem s vysokou hustotou (non-HDL-c), kter\u00e1 byla vypo\u010dtena ode\u010dten\u00edm hladiny cholesterolu v s\u00e9ru, kter\u00fd je lipoproteinem s vysokou hustotou (HDL-c), od celkov\u00e9 hladiny cholesterolu v s\u00e9ru, byla ve skupin\u011b HFHF. Nakonec, anal\u00fdza hladin MCP-1 v s\u00e9ru<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"706\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-6.png 706w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-6-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-6-600x461.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 706px) 100vw, 706px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"685\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-7.png 685w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-7-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-7-600x364.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>odhalilo, \u017ee tento parametr byl ve skupin\u011b HFHF ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s kontroln\u00ed skupinou v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en<br>(tabulka 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Markery oxida\u010dn\u00edho stresu v j\u00e1trech<\/em><\/strong><br>Anal\u00fdza oxidativn\u00edho stresu jater odhalila, \u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed MDA zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v jatern\u00edch vzorc\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at v<br>skupin\u011b HFHF bylo v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mno\u017estv\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 u zv\u00ed\u0159at v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b (tabulka 1). Krom\u011b<br>toho, a\u010dkoli mezi ob\u011bma skupinami nebyly pozorov\u00e1ny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zm\u011bny v aktivit\u011b CAT, v j\u00e1trech zv\u00ed\u0159at v<br>skupin\u011b HFHF byla pozorov\u00e1na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed aktivace GPx ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se zv\u00ed\u0159aty v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b (tabulka 1).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Anal\u00fdza SCFA<\/em><\/strong><br>Ze v\u0161ech studovan\u00fdch SCFA byly zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v koncentrac\u00edch kyseliny isomaslov\u00e9,<br>izovalerov\u00e9 a valerov\u00e9, jejich\u017e koncentrace ve stolici byly ve skupin\u011b HFHF v\u00fdznamn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s<br>kontroln\u00ed skupinou (tabulka 2). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Zm\u011bny ve slo\u017een\u00ed mikrobioty vyvolan\u00e9 stravou<\/em><\/strong><br>Abychom pochopili z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mechanismy, kter\u00fdmi strava HFHF p\u0159isp\u00edvala k po\u0161kozen\u00ed jater, zkoumali jsme vliv stravovac\u00edch strategi\u00ed na slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty. Podle m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u03b2-diverzity byl mezi ob\u011bma experiment\u00e1ln\u00edmi skupinami zaznamen\u00e1n v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozd\u00edl v celkov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed mikrobiomy (p &lt; 0,001, PERMANOVA). Obr\u00e1zek 2 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje PCoA s pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 matice vzd\u00e1lenosti UniFrac. Mikrobioma skupiny HFHF byla jasn\u011b odd\u011blena od mikrobiomy kontroln\u00ed skupiny.<br>Ve skupin\u011b HFHF byl pozorov\u00e1n v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pokles alfa diverzity, jak ukazuje index Chao1 (C = 73,2 a<br>HFHF = 57,2; p &lt; 0,01; obr\u00e1zek 3A). Krom\u011b celkov\u00e9ho mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho slo\u017een\u00ed byla st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobiota<br>hodnocena na r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch s c\u00edlem stanovit rozd\u00edly v abundanci mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed taxon\u016f podle obou stravovac\u00edch skupin a vybrat ty bakterie, kter\u00e9 mohou p\u0159edstavovat potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed biomarkery ka\u017ed\u00e9ho stavu, proveden\u00edm anal\u00fdzy LEfSe (obr\u00e1zek 3B,C). U zv\u00ed\u0159at v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b byly nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bakterie ze t\u0159\u00eddy Clostridia, \u0159ady<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"718\" height=\"797\" src=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-8.png 718w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-8-270x300.png 270w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-8-600x666.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Clostridiales, \u010dele\u010f Ruminococcaceae (zejm\u00e9na rody Ruminiclostridium 9, Ruminococacceae UCG 005 a<br>Ruminococacceae UCG 014), jako\u017e i bakterie ze t\u0159\u00eddy Clostridia (rody Lachnospiraceae UCG 004 a Coprococcus 3) a kmene Tenericutes (rody Anaeroplasma a Mollicutes RF39). Pro tuto skupinu byl charakteristick\u00fd i dal\u0161\u00ed rod m\u00e9n\u011b popsan\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed (tj. Muribaculaceae nekultivovan\u00e9 a Lachnospiraceae UCG 004). Pokud jde o krysy krmen\u00e9 stravou HFHF (skupina HFHF), nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byly bakterie z kmene Firmicutes, t\u0159\u00eddy Bacilli (zejm\u00e9na rod Lactococcus), jako\u017e i bakterie ze t\u0159\u00eddy Clostridia, zejm\u00e9na rody Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Blautia, skupiny Eubacterium rodu UBA1819.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9.jpg 680w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-640x640.jpg 640w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-384x384.jpg 384w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee tyto zm\u011bny zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 ve skupin\u011b HFHF nastaly navzdory tomu, \u017ee na \u00farovni t\u0159\u00eddy (Clostridia) a<br>\u0159ady (Clostridiales) byla relativn\u00ed hojnost v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed (obr\u00e1zek 3C). Krom\u011b toho byly bakterie ze t\u0159\u00eddy Erysipelotrichia (zejm\u00e9na rod Fecalitalea) tak\u00e9 nadm\u011brn\u011b zastoupeny u zv\u00ed\u0159at ze skupiny HFHF. Byla provedena korela\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdza s c\u00edlem nal\u00e9zt souvislost mezi pozorovan\u00fdmi mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edmi<br>biomarkery a zm\u011bnami zaznamenan\u00fdmi ve fenotypov\u00fdch a biochemick\u00fdch parametrech, abundanc\u00ed<br>SCFA a markery oxidativn\u00edho stresu v j\u00e1trech. Byla zji\u0161t\u011bna negativn\u00ed korelace mezi bakteriemi obohacen\u00fdmi v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b krmenou standardn\u00ed stravou (Ruminococcaceae UCG 005, Ruminococcaceae UCG 014 a Ruminiclostridium 9) a hmotnost\u00ed jater, transamin\u00e1zou (ALT) a hladinami non-HDL. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, bakterie nalezen\u00e9 ve skupin\u011b HFHF (Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Clostridiaceae 1) korelovaly pozitivn\u011b s hmotnost\u00ed jater, non-HDL-c a GPx (tabulka 3 a dopl\u0148kov\u00fd obr\u00e1zek S1).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Diskuse<\/em><\/strong><br>Celosv\u011btov\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst prevalence NAFLD prom\u011bnil toto morbidn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed jater na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed<br>probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se stal nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jatern\u00ed poruchou nejen u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch, ale tak\u00e9 u d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"685\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9.png 685w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9-600x371.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>(DiStefano a Shaibi, 2021; Masarone et al., 2014). NAFLD zahrnuje \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum zm\u011bn v j\u00e1trech, od<br>relativn\u011b benign\u00ed steat\u00f3zy a\u017e po z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stavy, jako je cirh\u00f3za nebo hepatocelul\u00e1rn\u00ed karcinom (Engin,<br>2017). Krom\u011b nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho hromad\u011bn\u00ed lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech se na progresi po\u0161kozen\u00ed jater pod\u00edlej\u00ed tak\u00e9 jevy jako oxida\u010dn\u00ed stres, z\u00e1n\u011bt a fibr\u00f3za (Brunt et al., 2015). Vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem tuk\u016f, b\u011b\u017en\u00fd znak \u201ez\u00e1padn\u00ed stravy\u201c, se pova\u017euje za jeden z faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 spou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed rozvoj NAFLD. V t\u00e9to souvislosti m\u016f\u017ee nadm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem tuk\u016f ve strav\u011b (zejm\u00e9na nasycen\u00fdch tuk\u016f) zm\u011bnit metabolismus lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech, naru\u0161it rovnov\u00e1hu mezi \u201ep\u0159\u00edjmem\u201c lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech (p\u0159\u00edjem mastn\u00fdch kyselin v plazm\u011b a de novo lipogeneze) a \u201ev\u00fddejem\u201c (oxidace mastn\u00fdch kyselin v u hustotou), co\u017e vede k nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu hromad\u011bn\u00ed lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech (Lian et al., 2020). Krom\u011b toho se velk\u00e1 pozornost v\u011bnuje i p\u0159\u00edjmu p\u0159idan\u00e9ho frukt\u00f3zy jako dal\u0161\u00edmu faktoru vedouc\u00edmu k rozvoji NAFLD. Spot\u0159eba tohoto cukru se v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch zv\u00fd\u0161ila soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm NAFLD (DiStefano a Shaibi, 2021). Nadm\u011brn\u00e1 konzumace frukt\u00f3zy m\u016f\u017ee nejen zv\u00fd\u0161it akumulaci lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech, ale tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsobit z\u00e1n\u011bt a fibr\u00f3zu jater, co\u017e vede k rozvoji nealkoholov\u00e9 steatohepatitidy (Jegatheesan a De Bandt, 2017).<br>V souladu s t\u011bmito skute\u010dnostmi v t\u00e9to studii krysy krmen\u00e9 stravou HFHF vykazovaly zv\u00fd\u0161enou<br>hmotnost jater a obsah triglycerid\u016f, co\u017e bylo doprov\u00e1zeno zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm hladin s\u00e9rov\u00fdch transamin\u00e1z (ALT a AST), kter\u00e9 se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako markery po\u0161kozen\u00ed funkce jater (Sattar et al., 2014). Krom\u011b toho byly u t\u011bchto zv\u00ed\u0159at zji\u0161t\u011bny zm\u011bny v glykemick\u00e9 kontrole (vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladina gluk\u00f3zy nala\u010dno) a dyslipidemie (vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladiny non-HDL-c). Tato pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou v souladu s dostupnou v\u011bdeckou literaturou, kde jsou pops\u00e1ny zm\u011bny v metabolismu gluk\u00f3zy a lipid\u016f zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 frukt\u00f3zou (Softic et al., 2020; Stanhope et al., 2015). Krom\u011b toho zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd obsah MDA v j\u00e1trech u potkan\u016f krmen\u00fdch stravou HFHF nazna\u010duje, \u017ee u t\u011bchto zv\u00ed\u0159at do\u0161lo k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed produkci ROS, co\u017e zase vedlo k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed peroxidaci lipid\u016f. Nav\u00edc zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 aktivita GPx u stejn\u00fdch potkan\u016f poukazuje na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed antioxida\u010dn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jako pokus zvr\u00e1tit oxida\u010dn\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 stravou HFHF. Krom\u011b toho se dalo o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee skupina HFHF bude m\u00edt vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladiny MCP-1 v krvi, proto\u017ee \u00fa\u010dast tohoto cytokinu na progresi po\u0161kozen\u00ed jater byla ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve pops\u00e1na (Glass et al., 2018; Kirovski et al., 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K popisu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed vedouc\u00edch k NAFLD se tradi\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 takzvan\u00e1 teorie \u201edvou \u00fader\u016f\u201c. Podle t\u00e9to<br>teorie je \u201eprvn\u00ed \u00fader\u201c zp\u016fsoben\u00fd inzul\u00ednovou rezistenc\u00ed zprost\u0159edkovanou nadm\u011brn\u00fdm hromad\u011bn\u00edm<br>lipid\u016f v j\u00e1trech v d\u016fsledku zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 de novo lipogeneze a zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9ho transportu mastn\u00fdch kyselin, zat\u00edmco \u201edruh\u00fd \u00fader\u201c odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za oxida\u010dn\u00ed stres jater, z\u00e1n\u011bt a mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed dysfunkci. V\u0161echny tyto ud\u00e1losti by vedly k rozvoji NAFLD, jako\u017e ik progresi do nealkoholov\u00e9 steatohepatitidy (NASH) (Engin, 2017). Tato teorie se v\u0161ak pova\u017euje za p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zjednodu\u0161enou, a proto byla navr\u017eena teorie \u201ev\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu\u201c, kter\u00e1 krom\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch mechanism\u016f pova\u017euje za jeden z p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch faktor\u016f i zm\u011bny ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty (Buzzetti et al., 2016). V t\u00e9to studii strava HFHF nejen vedla ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u03b1-diverzity, jak to odhalily ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnoty indexu Chao1, ale ovlivnila i abundanci specifick\u00fdch st\u0159evn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed. Podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky byly a\u017e d\u0159\u00edve zaznamen\u00e1ny u potkan\u016f Wistar, kter\u00e9 byly 6 t\u00fddn\u016f krmeny stravou bohatou na tuky a sachar\u00f3zu (45 % a 17 % celkov\u00e9 energie ve form\u011b tuk\u016f a sachar\u00f3zy) (Etxeberria et al., 2015). Bakterie z \u010deledi Ruminococcaceae, o nich\u017e je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee jsou nep\u0159\u00edmo korelov\u00e1ny s NAFLD u lid\u00ed (Astbury et al., 2020), byly hojn\u00e9 v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b a v\u00fdrazn\u011b se sn\u00ed\u017eily u zv\u00ed\u0159at krmen\u00fdch stravou HFHF. Krom\u011b toho se ve skupin\u011b HFHF zv\u00fd\u0161il v\u00fdskyt n\u011bkolika rod\u016f bakteri\u00ed, kter\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed se zm\u011bnami v j\u00e1trech, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Clostridium sensu stricto 1 nebo Blautia. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee k t\u011bmto zm\u011bn\u00e1m do\u0161lo navzdory tomu, \u017ee na \u00farovni t\u0159\u00eddy (Clostridia) a \u0159ady (Clostridiales) byl v\u00fdskyt t\u011bchto bakteri\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b. Tato zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee negativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky vyvolan\u00e9 stravou HFHF ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed celkovou diverzitu st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty, a t\u00edm i v\u00fdskyt specifick\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 v t\u00e9to studii t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty jsou v souladu s v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jin\u00ed auto\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed modely hlodavc\u016f krmen\u00fdch nevyv\u00e1\u017eenou experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed stravou (Chen et al., 2019; Daniel et al., 2014; Duparc et al., 2017; Leal-Dia2;.<br>Jedn\u00edm z omezen\u00ed t\u00e9to studie je, \u017ee anal\u00fdza slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty pomoc\u00ed 16S rRNA byla<br>provedena pouze v jednom \u010dasov\u00e9m bod\u011b, a to na z\u00e1klad\u011b vzork\u016f stolice odebran\u00fdch na konci studie. Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d se vzorky stolice neshroma\u017e\u010fovaly v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch \u010dasov\u00fdch bodech (na za\u010d\u00e1tku studie), je to, \u017ee po adapta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata n\u00e1hodn\u011b rozd\u011blena do experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch skupin za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee mezi ob\u011bma experiment\u00e1ln\u00edmi skupinami nebyly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm stavu. Dal\u0161\u00edm omezen\u00edm je nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed na \u00farovni druh\u016f p\u0159i sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed amplikon\u016f, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje charakterizovat mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny pouze na \u00farovni rodu, a zastoupen\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b charakterizovan\u00fdch rod\u016f, ne\u017e je UBA1819.<br>Krom\u011b slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty se r\u016fzn\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 produkty, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed, vzbudily z\u00e1jem jako medi\u00e1tory komunikace mezi mikrobiomem a hostitelem (Bashiardes et al., 2016).<br>Mezi nimi vzbudily velkou pozornost SCFA, proto\u017ee je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee tyto metabolity se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti a energetick\u00e9 homeost\u00e1zy nebo metabolismu gluk\u00f3zy a lipid\u016f, jako\u017e i na v\u00fdvoji NAFLD (Bashiardes et al., 2016). V tomto ohledu mohou SCFA chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed NAFLD, zlep\u0161ovat integritu st\u0159evn\u00ed bari\u00e9ry, sni\u017eovat akumulaci viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b a nadm\u011brn\u00fd vstup mastn\u00fdch kyselin do jater, jako\u017e i p\u0159\u00edmo p\u016fsobit protiz\u00e1n\u011btliv\u011b, kdy\u017e se dostanou do jater (Dai et al., 2020).<br>Acet\u00e1t, propion\u00e1t a butyr\u00e1t jsou t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00e9 SCFA produkovan\u00e9 st\u0159evn\u00edmi bakteriemi a je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee<br>se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00fdch procesech (Deleu et al., 2021). V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jater studie proveden\u00e9 na hlodavc\u00edch a lidech popisuj\u00ed hepatoprotektivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky t\u011bchto SCFA. K dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni bylo pops\u00e1no n\u011bkolik<br>mechanism\u016f \u00fa\u010dinku SCFA na ochranu jater (Dangana et al., 2020), v\u010detn\u011b modulace akumulace tuku<br>ve viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1ni a metabolismu lipid\u016f. Krom\u011b toho je zlep\u0161en\u00ed funkce st\u0159evn\u00ed bari\u00e9ry<br>zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 t\u011bmito SCFA potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za jejich hepatoprotektivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. Krom\u011b toho bylo pops\u00e1no, \u017ee aktivace inflamat\u00f3zn\u00edho komplexu obsahuj\u00edc\u00edho pyrinovou dom\u00e9nu 3 z rodiny nod-like receptor\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed interleukinu 18 produkovan\u00e9ho acet\u00e1tem, butyr\u00e1tem a propion\u00e1tem tak\u00e9 zlep\u0161uje integritu st\u0159evn\u00ed bari\u00e9ry (Macia et al., 2015). Navzdory dob\u0159e charakterizovan\u00fdm hepatoprotektivn\u00edm \u00fa\u010dink\u016fm acet\u00e1tu, propion\u00e1tu a butyr\u00e1tu nebyly zji\u0161t\u011bny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v jejich hladin\u00e1ch mezi kontroln\u00ed skupinou a skupinou HFHF. Pokud jde o zv\u00fd\u0161enou hladinu kyseliny isomaslov\u00e9 ve stolici zji\u0161t\u011bnou ve skupin\u011b HFHF v na\u0161\u00ed studii, mohlo by se to pova\u017eovat za o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9, proto\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 hladina tohoto bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edho produktu ve stolici byla zji\u0161t\u011bna u pacient\u016f s NAFLD (Da Silva et al., 2018; Jumpertz et al., 2011). Krom\u011b toho byla zaznamen\u00e1na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladina kyseliny isomaslov\u00e9 ve stolici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vzorky subjekt\u016f s hypercholesterol\u00e9mi\u00ed ve studii, o kter\u00e9 informovali Granado-Serrano et al. (2019), kde<br>byla pozorov\u00e1na pozitivn\u00ed korelace mezi hladinou isomaslov\u00e9 kyseliny ve stolici a hladinou cholesterolu v s\u00e9ru v lipoproteinech o n\u00edzk\u00e9 hustot\u011b. Krom\u011b toho byla v t\u00e9to studii zji\u0161t\u011bna vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace kyseliny izovaleri\u00e1nov\u00e9 ve stolici u pacient\u016f s hypercholesterol\u00e9mi\u00ed, co\u017e dob\u0159e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fdsledk\u016fm na\u0161\u00ed studie, kde krysy krmen\u00e9 stravou HFHF vykazovaly stejn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek (Granado-Serrano et al., 2019). V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u0161ak nebyla zji\u0161t\u011bna \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 korelace mezi hladinou t\u00e9to SCFA a hladinami non-HDL-c. Pokud jde o kyselinu valerovou, studie zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u00fa\u010dinky t\u00e9to SCFA na steat\u00f3zu jater jsou vz\u00e1cn\u00e9.<br>S c\u00edlem l\u00e9pe pochopit potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed souvislosti mezi zkouman\u00fdmi mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edmi m\u011b\u0159en\u00edmi a<br>fenotypick\u00fdmi, biochemick\u00fdmi a SCFA hladinami byly provedeny korela\u010dn\u00ed studie. Podle z\u00edskan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f by bakterie z \u010deledi Ruminococcaceae mohly b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za markery n\u00edzk\u00e9 hmotnosti jater a\/nebo hladin s\u00e9rov\u00fdch transamin\u00e1z a non-HDL-c, jeliko\u017e v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b byly zji\u0161t\u011bny negativn\u00ed korelace mezi t\u011bmito bakteriemi a uveden\u00fdmi markery. Tyto v\u00fdsledky lze vysv\u011btlit t\u00edm, \u017ee tyto bakterie souvisej\u00ed se zdrav\u00edm gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00edho traktu u lid\u00ed d\u00edky jejich vlivu na udr\u017een\u00ed struktury a funkc\u00ed st\u0159ev, jako je propustnost, vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivin a imunokompetence (Rajili\u0107-Stojanovi\u0107 a de Vos, 2014; Tang et al.). Pokud jde o pozitivn\u00ed korelace zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 ve skupin\u011b HFHF mezi Clostridium sensu stricto 1 a Clostridiaceae 1 s parametry, jako jsou non-HDL-c a GPx, jsou tyto v\u00fdsledky v souladu s \u00fadaji uveden\u00fdmi ve studi\u00edch na lidech, ve kter\u00fdch byla hojnost t\u011bchto bakteri\u00ed pozitivn\u011b korelov\u00e1na ( al., 2019). Jin\u00e9 studie v\u0161ak uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed i negativn\u00ed korelace t\u011bchto bakteri\u00ed s markery, jako je m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tuhosti jater a kontrolovan\u00fd parametr atenuace u lid\u00ed (Lanthier et al., 2021). Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hojnosti bylo skute\u010dn\u011b spojeno s rozvojem jatern\u00ed fibr\u00f3zy u pacient\u016f s t\u011b\u017ekou steat\u00f3zou (Lanthier et al., 2021). Proto, p\u0159esto\u017ee Clostridium sensu stricto 1 a Clostridiaceae 1 jsou indik\u00e1tory m\u00e9n\u011b zdrav\u00e9 mikrobioty (Yang et al., 2019), jsou pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed studie, aby se l\u00e9pe pochopila tato zjevn\u00e1 nesrovnalost. Pokud jde o SCFA, p\u0159esto\u017ee mezi kontroln\u00ed skupinou a skupinou s HFHF byly zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v jejich hladin\u00e1ch, nebyla zji\u0161t\u011bna \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 korelace se slo\u017een\u00edm st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty. Tyto v\u00fdsledky mohou b\u00fdt neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na u potkan\u016f v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b, jejich\u017e v\u00fdkaly vykazovaly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt bakteri\u00ed produkuj\u00edc\u00edch butyr\u00e1t, jako jsou Ruminococcaceae, ale bez skute\u010dn\u00e9 zm\u011bny hladin butyr\u00e1tu. Podobn\u011b se dalo o\u010dek\u00e1vat zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hladin acet\u00e1tu u zv\u00ed\u0159at krmen\u00fdch stravou HFHF, jeliko\u017e byla navr\u017eena souvislost mezi t\u00edmto SCFA a metabolick\u00fdm syndromem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm osy mikrobiota-mozek (Perry et al., 2016). V tomto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i by<br>p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee pozorovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty nebyly dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e9 na to, aby ovlivnily produkci ur\u010dit\u00fdch SCFA. V tomto ohledu by del\u0161\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed obdob\u00ed mohlo v\u00e9st k<br>jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu vztahu mezi zm\u011bnami ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty a hladinami SCFA.<br>Z\u00e1v\u011brem, sou\u010dasn\u00e1 studie dokazuje, \u017ee zm\u011bny vyvolan\u00e9 stravou bohatou na vysokou energii<br>v nasycen\u00fdch tuc\u00edch a frukt\u00f3ze v j\u00e1trech, jako\u017e i zhor\u0161en\u00ed v\u00edce metabolick\u00fdch marker\u016f pod\u00edlej\u00edc\u00edch se na glykemick\u00e9 kontrole a lipidov\u00e9 homeost\u00e1ze, m\u016f\u017ee souviset, alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b se zm\u011bnami v celkov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty a mno\u017estv\u00edm specifick\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed odvozen\u00fdch od tohoto stravovac\u00edho vzorce, st\u0159ev, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 translokace bakteri\u00ed a produkce\/uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed proz\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00fdch medi\u00e1tor\u016f nebo z\u00e1n\u011bt tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b a jater), kter\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed tyto dv\u011b ud\u00e1losti (Deleu et al., 2021). K lep\u0161\u00edmu objasn\u011bn\u00ed\/potvrzen\u00ed t\u00e9to hypot\u00e9zy jsou v\u0161ak zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy. Pokud jde o SCFA, rozd\u00edly zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 mezi experiment\u00e1ln\u00edmi skupinami nebyly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 navzdory v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m vyvolan\u00fdm stravou HFHF v bohatstv\u00ed a rozmanitosti st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee za t\u011bchto experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek je role SCFA v rozvoji steatohepatitidy vyvolan\u00e9 stravou omezen\u00e1 a nemus\u00ed souviset se zm\u011bnami st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Anal\u00fdzy SCFA byly provedeny pomoc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Centra pro omick\u00e9 v\u011bdy (COS), spole\u010dn\u00e9ho pracovi\u0161t\u011b Univerzity Rovira i Virgili a Eurecat. Dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly k tomuto \u010dl\u00e1nku naleznete na str\u00e1nce http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmb.2022.2.<br>Prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed. Auto\u0159i prohla\u0161uj\u00ed, \u017ee nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd st\u0159et z\u00e1jm\u016f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky autor\u016f. Koncepce: MPP, JAM a IM-L.; Spr\u00e1va dat: IM-L., LJM-Z., SG-Z., ECSP a<br>AF-Q.; Form\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdza: IM-L., LJM-Z. a ECSP; Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f: MPP; Vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed: MPP, JAM, IM-L., LJM-Z., SG-Z. a AF-Q.; Metodika: IM-L., SG-Z. a MPP; Psan\u00ed \u2013 p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh: MPP, JAM a IM-L; Psan\u00ed \u2013 revize a editace: IM-L., LJM-Z., SG-Z., ECSP, AF-Q., MPP a JAM.<br>Financov\u00e1n\u00ed. IM-L. d\u011bkuje za finan\u010dn\u00ed podporu programu Juan de la Cierva \u2013 stipendia na vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 agentury \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho ministerstva v\u011bdy a inovac\u00ed a ministerstva univerzit (FJC2019-038925-I). LJMZ je dr\u017eitelem grantu Juan de la Cierva (IJC2019-042188-I) od \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 agentury Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n y Ministerio de Universidades. Tento v\u00fdzkum byl financov\u00e1n Ministerstvem hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a konkurenceschopnosti \u2013 Evropsk\u00fdm fondem region\u00e1ln\u00edho rozvoje (grant \u010d\u00edslo AGL-2015-65719-R MINECO\/FEDER, EU), Instituto de Salud Carlos III CIBERobn (grantov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo CB12\/03\/30007) a Univerzita Baskicka (grantov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo GIU).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reference<br>Aebi H (1984) Katal\u00e1za in vitro. Metody v enzymologii 105, 121\u2013126.<br>Alves-Bezerra M a Cohen DE (2017) Metabolismus triglycerid\u016f v j\u00e1trech. Komplexn\u00ed fyziologie 8(1), 1\u20138.<br>Aragon\u00e8s G, Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda S, Aguilar C, Richart C, Auguet T (2019) Medi\u00e1tory poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed markery p\u0159i nealkoholov\u00e9m steat\u00f3ze jater. BioMed Research International 2019, 8507583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/ 8507583<br>Astbury S, Atallah E, Vijay A, Aithal GP, Grove JI a Valdes AM (2020) Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed diverzita mikrobiomu st\u0159eva a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed abundance proz\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9ho rodu Collinsella jsou spojeny s biopsicky potvrzenou nealkoholovou steatohepatitidou. Gut Microbes 11(3), 569580.<br>Bashiardes S, Shapiro H, Rozin S, Shibolet O, Elinav E (2016) Nealkoholov\u00e9 mastn\u00e9 jater a st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobiota. 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Endocrinology 15, 288\u2013298.<br>Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, Alexandr H, Alm EJ, Arumugam M, Asnicar F, Bai Y, Bisanz JE, Bittinger K, Brejnrod A, Brislawn CJ, Brown CT, Callahan BJ, Caraballo Silva R, Diener C, Dorrestein PC, Douglas GM, Durall DM, Duvallet C, Edwardson CF, Ernst M, Estaki M, Fouquier J, Gauglitz JM, Gibbons SM, Gibson DL, Gonzalez A, Gorlick K, Guo J, Hillmann B, Holmes S, Holste H, Hutten Jiang L, Kaehler BD, Kang KB, Keefe CR, Keim P, Kelley ST, Knights D, Koester I, Kosciolek T, Kreps J, Langille MGI, Lee J, Lei R, Liu YX, Loftfield E, Lozupone C, Maher M, Marotz C, Martin BD, McDona Morgan SC, Morton JT, Naimey AT, Navas-Molina JA, Nothias LF, Orchanian SB,<br>Pearson T, People SL, Petras D, Preuss ML, Pruesse E, Rasmussen LB, Rivers A, Robeson MS, Rosenthal P, Segata N, Shaffer M, Shiffer A, Sinha R, Song SJ, Spear JR, Swafford AD, Thompson LR, Torres PJ, Trinh P S, van der Hooft JJJ, Vargas F, V\u00e1zquez-Baeza Y, Vogtmann E, von Hippel M, Walters W, Wan Y, Wang M, Warren J, Weber KC, Williamson CHD, Willis AD, Xu ZZ, Zaneveld JR, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Knight R<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reprodukovateln\u00e1, interaktivn\u00ed, \u0161k\u00e1lovateln\u00e1 a roz\u0161i\u0159ovateln\u00e1 v\u011bda o mikrobiomov\u00fdch datech pomoc\u00ed QIIME 2. 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Dostupn\u00e9 na https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/about\/about-obesity\/prevalence-of- obesity Yang WY, Lee Y, Lu H, Chou CH a Wang C (2019) Anal\u00fdza st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty a \u00fa\u010dinku kyseliny laurov\u00e9 proti nekrotick\u00e9 enteritid\u011b zp\u016fsobe nou v modelu soub\u011b\u017en\u011b. PLoS One 14(5), e0205784.<br>Zeng M a Cao H (2018) Rychl\u00e1 kvantifikace mastn\u00fdch kyselin s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem a ketonov\u00fdch t\u011bl\u00edsek pomoc\u00ed kapalinov\u00e9 chromatografie a tandemov\u00e9 hmotnostn\u00ed spektrometrie po jednoduch\u00e9m derivov\u00e1n\u00ed spojen\u00e9 s extrakc\u00ed kapalina kapalina. Journal of Chromatography B 1083, 137\u2013145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u00a9 Auto\u0159i, 2022. Publikov\u00e1no Cambridge University Press jm\u00e9nem The Nutrition Society. Jedn\u00e1 se o \u010dl\u00e1nek s otev\u0159en\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem, distribuovan\u00fd podle<br>podm\u00ednek licence Creative Commons Attribution (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje neomezen\u00e9 op\u011btovn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed, distribuci a reprodukci v jak\u00e9mkoli m\u00e9diu za podm\u00ednky, \u017ee je spr\u00e1vn\u011b citov\u00e1no p\u016fvodn\u00ed d\u00edlo.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se jedn\u00e1 se o zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z nov\u00e9 studie publikovan\u00e9 na Cambridge university. Origin\u00e1l \u010dl\u00e1nku publikov\u00e1n online Cambridge University Press dne 8. dubna 2022 Pokud jste si mysleli, \u017ee nezdrav\u00e1 strava bohat\u00e1 na tuky a cukr ovliv\u0148uje jen va\u0161i\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17168,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[204,214,108,212,205,213,203],"class_list":["post-17123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vedecke-studie-a-nove-zistenia","tag-fast-food","tag-mastne-kyseliny-s-kratkym-retazcom","tag-mikrobiom","tag-nealkoholova-steatohepatitida","tag-pecen","tag-strava-s-vysokym-obsahom-tukov-a-fruktozy","tag-zdrave-creva"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17123"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17123\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17123"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17123"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ziveprobiotika.sk\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}